风险前瞻应对模式在肝破裂围手术期患者中的应用

目的探讨风险前瞻应对模式在肝破裂术后患者并发症预防中的应用效果。方法采用便利抽样法,于2019年1月—2020年12月选取在河南省人民医院肝胆外科收治的130例肝破裂患者作为研究对象。将2020年1—12月就诊的65例肝破裂患者作为研究组,采用风险前瞻应对模式进行干预,将2019年1—12月就诊的65例肝破裂患者作为对照组,采用常规方式进行干预。比较两组肝破裂患者手术耐受优良率、术后并发症发生情况及护理满意度。结果研究组患者手术耐受优良率为95.38%(62/65),高于对照组的80.00%(52/65),研究组患者术后并发症总发生率为7.69%(5/65),低于对照组患者的21.54%(14/65),研究组患者护理满意度为95.38%(62/56),高于对照组患者的83.08%(54/65),以上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论在肝破裂围手术期开展风险前瞻应对模式不仅能够提高患者手术耐受性,降低术后并发症发生率,促进护患关系和谐发展。     

Redefining “low risk”: Outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients in the transcatheter aortic valve replacement era

ObjectivesGuidelines suggest aortic valve replacement (AVR) for low-risk asymptomatic patients. Indications for transcatheter AVR now include low-risk patients, making it imperative to understand state-of-the-art surgical AVR (SAVR) in this population. Therefore, we compared SAVR outcomes in low-risk patients with those expected from Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) models and assessed their intermediate-term survival.MethodsFrom January 2005 to January 2017, 3493 isolated SAVRs were performed in 3474 patients with STS predicted risk of mortality <4%. Observed operative mortality and composite major morbidity or mortality were compared with STS-expected outcomes according to calendar year of surgery. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for these outcomes. Patients were followed for time-related mortality.ResultsWith 15 observed operative deaths (0.43%) compared with 55 expected (1.6%), the observed:expected ratio was 0.27 for mortality (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14-0.42), stroke 0.65 (95% CI, 0.41-0.89), and reoperation 0.50 (95% CI, 0.42-0.60). Major morbidity or mortality steadily declined, with probabilities of 8.6%, 6.7%, and 5.2% in 2006, 2011, and 2016, respectively, while STS-expected risk remained at approximately 12%. Mitral valve regurgitation, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic failure, coronary artery disease, and earlier surgery date were residual risk factors. Survival was 98%, 91%, and 82% at 1, 5, and 9 years, respectively, superior to that predicted for the US age-race-sex–matched population.ConclusionsSTS risk models overestimate contemporary SAVR risk at a high-volume center, supporting efforts to create a more agile quality assessment program. SAVR in low-risk patients provides durable survival benefit, supporting early surgery and providing a benchmark for transcatheter AVR.     

The social vulnerability metric (SVM) as a new tool for public health

Objective

To derive and validate a new ecological measure of the social determinants of health (SDoH), calculable at the zip code or county level.

Data Sources and Study Setting

The most recent releases of secondary, publicly available data were collected from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments.

Study Design

The Social Vulnerability Metric (SVM) was constructed from U.S. zip-code level measures (2018) from survey data using multidimensional Item Response Theory and validated using outcomes including all-cause mortality (2016), COVID-19 vaccination (2021), and emergency department visits for asthma (2018). The SVM was also compared with the existing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to determine convergent validity and differential predictive validity.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

The data were collected directly from published files available to the public online from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments.

Principal Findings

The correlation between SVM scores and national age-adjusted county all-cause mortality was r = 0.68. This correlation demonstrated the SVM's robust validity and outperformed the SVI with an almost four-fold increase in explained variance (46% vs. 12%). The SVM was also highly correlated (r ≥ 0.60) to zip-code level health outcomes for the state of California and city of Chicago.

Conclusions

The SVM offers a measurement tool improving upon the performance of existing SDoH composite measures and has broad applicability to public health that may help in directing future policies and interventions. The SVM provides a single measure of SDoH that better quantifies associations with health outcomes.     

早产儿消化道穿孔的病因及影响预后的危险因素分析

目的:探讨早产儿消化道穿孔的病因，分析影响早产儿消化道穿孔短期预后不良的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析山西省 儿童医院新生儿外科2015年1月—2021 年5月诊治的89 例早产儿消化道穿孔的临床资料。根据术后3 个月时结局分为生存 组和预后不良组。比较两组术前、术中及术后与早产儿消化道穿孔预后不良相关的因素，采用Logistic 回归分析筛选早产儿消 化道穿孔预后不良的危险因素。结果:早产儿消化道穿孔的病死率为25.84%，坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）和胃壁肌层缺损是早产 儿消化道穿孔常见的病因。单因素分析显示生存组患儿从发现气腹至手术时间在8 h 之内的比例显著高于预后不良组 （χ2=15.22，P＜0.01）。预后不良组合并脓毒性休克的比例显著高于生存组（χ2=33.19，P＜0.01）。预后不良组术后合并需非计划二次 手术的并发症比例显著高于生存组（χ2=7.24，P＜0.01）。Logistic 回归分析显示脓毒性休克（OR=0.06，95%CI:0.02~0.21，P＜0.01）和 气腹至手术时间大于8 h（OR=0.23，95%CI:0.07~0.81，P＜0.05）是早产儿消化道穿孔短期预后不良的危险因素。结论:NEC 和胃 壁肌层缺损是早产儿消化道穿孔的主要病因，脓毒性休克和从气腹发生至手术时间大于8 h 是早产儿消化道穿孔短期预后 不良的危险因素。     

结直肠腺瘤危险因素

目的 研究结直肠腺瘤发生相关的危险因素,为结直肠早癌病变的筛查及诊疗提供预警信息。方法 选取2014年1月至2020年6月于河北医科大学第二医院行结肠镜检查经病理诊断为结直肠腺瘤的患者1 126例作为病例组,以同期行结肠镜检查结果阴性的患者1 800例作为对照组。收集患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、排便习惯(正常、腹泻、便秘、腹泻与便秘交替)、总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平等资料。进行多因素Logistic回归分析,探究上述因素对结直肠腺瘤发生的影响。为了进一步排除混杂因素的干扰,组间1∶1匹配,进行多因素条件Logistic回归分析,探究结直肠腺瘤发生的独立危险因素。结果 多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、饮酒史、吸烟史、排便习惯、总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平为结直肠腺瘤发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示,排便习惯及甘油三酯水平是结直肠腺癌发生的独立危险因素,慢性腹泻、慢性便秘患者发生结直肠腺瘤的风险高于排便习惯正常者(P<0.05),甘油三酯水平较高患者发生结直肠腺瘤的风险高于甘油三酯水平正常者(P<0.05)。结论 排便习惯及甘油三酯水平是结直肠腺瘤发生的独立危险因素,慢性腹泻、慢性便秘、甘油三酯升高者发生结直肠腺瘤风险更高。     

前列腺癌早期诊断的研究进展北大核心

前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)是中老年男性常见恶性肿瘤之一,目前尚缺乏有效的晚期癌症治疗方法,因此早期诊断对于降低PCa死亡率至关重要。近年来,较多研究开发出多种新型诊断方法以改善对PCa诊断的准确性,同时避免过度诊疗,但其有效性及实用性尚需进一步验证。本文对目前新型生物标志物、联合成像技术及风险预测模型等的早期诊断技术进行总结,以期为临床研究提供指导作用。     

童年期不良经历对个体健康影响的研究进展

童年期不良经历(ACEs)作为一项全球性的严峻公共卫生挑战,其对全生命周期的健康影响不容小觑。因此本文从心理健康、生理健康、性传播疾病及危险性行为、健康危险行为4个方面对ACEs的健康影响进行综述,为ACEs及其可能健康结局提供参考。